Psidium guajava Linn., family Myrtaceae, commonly known as guava, is an important food crop and medicinal plant in tropical and subtropical countries. Previous studies reported major contribution of the ethyl acetate fraction of P. guajava leaf extract to possess antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Therefore, the ethyl acetate fraction of P. guajava was subjected to chromatographic separation to explore the bioactive molecules responsible for these activities. Five known compounds were isolated and characterized using physical, chemical and spectral analysis. Quercetin-3-O-β-arabinopyranoside was isolated for the first time from this plant. Alongside this compound, the other four compounds viz., pyrogallol, quercetin, quercetin-3-O-β-D-xylopyranoside (reynoutrin) and quercetin-3-O-α-L-arabinofuranoside (avicularin) exhibited an exceptional antioxidant activity using ABTS●+ assay. The isolated pure compounds were further investigated for their antibacterial activity against both Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive) and Escherichia coli (Gram-negative) bacteria. Pyrogallol didn't display any significant antibacterial activity against both types while, quercetin showed remarkable activity compared to ampicillin as a positive control assuming a promising antibacterial drug. Moreover, the three quercetin glycosides exhibited moderate antibacterial activity when compared to ampicillin.

Keywords : Guava; Pyrogallol; Quercetin; Reynoutrin; Quercetin-3-O-β-D-arabinopyranoside; Avicularin; Antioxidant; Antibacterial

Author : Mohamed M. Abu Habib, Fatma M. Abdel Bar and Farid A. Badria

Title : Antioxidant and Antibacterial compounds from the leaves of Psidium guajava

Volume/Issue : 2017;5(11)

Page No : 56-63

Free radicals have been reported in various diabetic complications, therefore this study was undertaken to evaluate the protective effect of Moringa oleifera against oxidative stress in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Induction of diabetes in rats increases serum glucose, cholesterol and triacylglycerol while it reduced superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH) content and increased malondialdehyde (MDA) level in hepatic and renal tissues. Treatment of diabetic rats with 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg of Moringa oleifera for 7 days significantly lowered serum glucose, cholesterol and triacylglycerol levels. It also increases SOD, CAT activities and GSH level while MDA level was significantly reduced in hepatic and renal tissues when compared with the control diabetic rats. In a separate experiment, Moringa oleifera extract was able to scavenge the 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2, 2,-azinobis (3-ethylbenzoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) radicals and these radicals scavenging abilities were found to be dose-dependent. The present results indicate that Moringa oleifera possesses antioxidant, hypoglycemic, hypocholesterolemic and hypolipidemic potential. Moringa oleifera was found to contain a high level of total phenolic content (65.90 ± 1.85 mg/g in GAE/g dried weight) which may be responsible for the effectiveness of the plant in the management of diabetic complications.

Keywords : Moringa oleifera, Free radicals, Malondialdehyde, Hyperglycaemia

Author : Abiodun Olusoji Owoade, Adewale Adetutu and Abiodun Bukunmi Aborisade

Title : Protective effects of Moringa Oleifera leaves against oxidative stress in diabetic rats

Volume/Issue : 2017;5(11)

Page No : 64-71

There is a considerable increase in awareness about the issues related to drug safety among health care providers, healthcare institutions and the public. Our aim of this present study was to assess the knowledge; awareness and reporting of adverse drug reactions among health care professionals. Methodology: A questionnaire model was prepared, focusing on the awareness, knowledge of various adverse drugs reactions and the algorithm of reporting systems of pharmacovigilance programme of India. A total of 76 healthcare professionals were included in this study. The questionnaire was distributed among the Doctors working in various specialties. Completed questionnaire were collected and analysed statistically. Data collected was analysed and was reported as percentage of responders and non-responders. Total responders were 55 and non-responders were 21. The awareness of Pharmacovigilance programme of India in this study was 74% where as 26% were non-responders. This indicates that the knowledge of ADR reporting was not up to the mark which emphasizes urgent need to implement, appropriate strategies to strengthen the awareness of pharmacovigilance practices and the importance of ADR reporting in this hospital.

Keywords : Pharmacovigilance Programme of India, Awareness, Knowledge, Reporting Healthcare professionals

Author : Duarairajan P, Pushpam M, Pavithira S, Patric Joshua P

Title : Assessment of knowledge, awareness and reporting of pharmacovigilance among the healthcare providers in a tertiary care center

Volume/Issue : 2017;5(11)

Page No : 72-76

A study was conducted the microorganism is isolated from paddy field site for phosphate solubilizing ability. In the initial investigation bacterial isolate has shown clear zone in phosphate solubilizing medium. The isolate was characterized for gram’s staining and biochemical tests based on Bergey’s Manual. In microscopic examine we have obtain gram positive rod like colony that characterized by biochemical activities like- Motility, Methyl Read, VogesProskaur (VP), Catalase, Starch Hydrolysis, Gelatin hydrolysis, Urea hydrolysis, Citrate utilization, Indole production, Carbohydrate fermentation test. The isolate was screened for their phosphate solubilizing capacity in PSB medium. Result indicates that bacillus species is the good source of insoluble phosphate to soluble phosphate in soil.

Keywords : Paddy soil, Bacillus spp., PSB medium

Author : Chitra Bhattacharya, Neha Shrivastava, Hempushpa Urwsha, Rishpalika Mishra, Krutika Deshpande, Dipti Sahu, Taruna, Akansha Lal

Title : Isolation and characterization of phosphate solubilizing bacteria from paddy field of Bhilai region

Volume/Issue : 2017;5(11)

Page No : 77-80

Diabetes mellitus is a condition characterized by chronic hyperglycemia with disturbances of carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism. This prospective observational study determined the utilization pattern of anti-diabetic drugs and the most commonly used anti-diabetic drug/drugs (with or without insulin) on patients suffering from type 2 diabetes mellitus (newly diagnosed as well as on treatment) attending the Medicine department of MMIMSR, Mullana, Ambala. A total number of 200 patients suffering from type 2 diabetes completed this study of 3 months duration. Utilization pattern of various anti diabetic drugs was determined on the basis of their ability to achieve glycemic targets, measured through the investigations like the fasting blood glucose, postprandial blood glucose (assessed on baseline, 6 weeks, 12 weeks) and HbA1c ( assessed on baseline and 12 weeks). The primary end point was mean change in HbA1c from baseline to week 12. Safety was assessed by incidence of hypoglycemia and other adverse events. There was significant reduction in HbA1c, FBS, PPBS levels from baseline to 12 weeks and the p value obtained was highly significant. In conclusion, this study revealed that the combination of metformin and insulin was the most commonly prescribed drugs in type 2 diabetes patients.

Keywords : Type 2 diabetes mellitus, drug utilization, anti-diabetic drugs

Author : Paras Koushal, Rani Walia, PD Gupta and Divya Goel

Title : Drug utilization pattern in patients suffering from type 2 diabetes mellitus visiting medicine department of MMIMSR and the most commonly used anti diabetic drugs

Volume/Issue : 2017;5(11)

Page No : 81-89

Aim: To assess the knowledge and perception of the nursing staffs working in a tertiary care centre towards adverse drug reaction reporting. Methods: Nursing staff working in Meenakshi medical college were selected randomly and a KAP (Knowledge, Attitude and Practice) based questionnaire was used to collect the data before and after an educational intervention. Result: A total of 47 staff nurses were involved in pre- KAP and post- KAP survey questionnaire. The overall response observed between pre-intervention and post-intervention was found statistically significant proving the effectiveness of educational intervention and improving the knowledge of pharmacovigilance among staff nurses. Conclusion: This study reveals that the knowledge, attitude and practice of pharmacovigilance could be improved by educational intervention and the ADR (Adverse Drug Reaction) reporting in day to day practice can also be increased.

Keywords : Pharmacovigilance, Adverse Drug Reaction, Questionnaire

Author : Padma M. Prashanthini, Nithya P, Parimala K, Rajesh M

Title : A survey on knowledge and perception among nursing staffs towards adverse drug reaction reporting in a tertiary care hospital, Kanchipuram

Volume/Issue : 2017;5(11)

Page No : 90-95

Systemic hypertension and diabetes are major risk factors for the development of chronic kidney disease. The current study was aimed to estimate the prevalence of systemic hypertension, diabetes mellitus and proteinuria and GFR status in a population in Ernakulam. 519 subjects were screened using a questionnaire which chronicled the population demographics, education, occupation, diet, salt intake, smoking and alcohol intake habits, physical activity, past medical history, current treatment. The awareness questionnaire was filled chronicling the response of the subjects in the form. The prevalence of diabetes was 17.6% in our study. .Microalbuminuria was reported in 24% males were observed to have a higher eGRF as compared to females (73.58 ±22.67 vs 55.59±13.5). 43% of the study population had eGFR < 60 ml/1.73m2. Awareness regarding the need for regular monitoring of blood pressure and blood glucose is low in our population

Keywords : Systemic Hypertension, Diabetes, Chronic Kidney Disease

Author : Sebastian Abraham, Chitra Kuriakose

Title : Community Study to estimate the GRF in rural population

Volume/Issue : 2017;5(11)

Page No : 96-99

The growing experimental data points to chronic viral and bacterial infections are possible risk factors for AD disease. Virus and bacteria are normally latent in elderly brains but reactivates under certain conditions cause persistent CNS infections by continuous pathogen replication. In depth viral and microbial agents have been reported to produce molecular hallmark of neurodegeneration, such as production and deposit of misfold protein aggregates, synaptopathies and neuronal death. HSV1 DNA plays a major evidence in viral AD. Chlamydia pneumonia antibodies present in brain tangles are major evidence in bacterial AD. The infections may be synergy with recognized risk factors such as aging, concomitant metabolic diseases and host specific genetic signature. This review will focus on the contribution given to neurodegeneration by Herpes simplex type-1 and Chlamydia pneumonia.

Keywords : Herpes simplex type-1, Neurodegeneration, Chlamydia pneumonia, Alzheimer's disease.

Author : G. Rajeswari, A. Dishanth, G. Rupa, M. Hari priya and P. Sowjanya

Title : Viral and bacterial causes for Alzheimer's disease: increasing evidence for a major role of infectious agents

Volume/Issue : 2017;5(11)

Page No : 100-105

Microcapsules are tiny capsules containing materials (such as adhesive or a medicine) that are released when the capsule is broken, melted or dissolved. The process of forming microcapsules is called microencapsulation. By the process of microencapsulation an active ingredient of interest can be isolated and kept unmodified for extended periods of time and be released(or not) upon a change of the surrounding environmental conditions to target specific needs. Various techniques of microencapsulation have been developed which have wide applications in various fields like pharmaceutics, biotechnology, agrochemical, food industries, cosmetics etc. This article is a review of microencapsulation, materials used in it, morphology of microcapsules, reasons for microencapsulation, new advanced techniques used in microencapsulation (their advantages and disadvantages), drugs incorporated in microcapsules and applications of microcapsules.

Keywords : Core material, Coating material, Microcapsules, Microencapsulation, Micromeritic wall, Polymers, Sustained release.

Author : Sonika Rani Jangra and D.C. Bhatt

Title : Recent trends in microencapsulation: A review

Volume/Issue : 2017;5(11)

Page No : 106-114

Background: Investigators found that low serum cholesterol levels are an inconsistent possible biological marker for the manifestation of depression and/or suicidal ideation in some individuals. The results of many studies showed that the effect of long-term cholesterol depletion in the brain might trigger depression. Objectives: To find out the correlation between long term use of STATINS and depression and to study the effect of STATINS on lipid profile. Material and methods: The study is a hospital based prospective study conducted in patients using STATIN medication. Hamilton depression rating scale is used to assess the correlation between the drug usage and incidence of depression at baseline and at the end of 3 and 6 months. Lipid profile is also measured at baseline and again at the end of 3 and 6 months of treatment period. Results: All statistical analysis done by using SPSS version 21 and MS Excel 2007. One way Anova performed to know the mean difference among various continuous variables. All the values for total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, LDL, VLDL and HAM-D are considered highly significant, the p-value being .000. Interpretation and conclusions: As there is reduction of lipid levels at the end of 6 months and there is corresponding increase in depression score, it was concluded that there is correlation between Statin usage and incidence of depression.

Keywords : Lipid profile, serotonin, Hamilton depression rating scale and neurotransmitter

Author : Lalitha Devi Dhulipala and Suresh Malla and Ganapathi Swamy Chintada

Title : The correlation between statin usage and incidence of depression in a tertiary care hospital

Volume/Issue : 2017;5(11)

Page No : 115-120